ExecutorService & Thread Pools

import java.util.concurrent.*;

// Fixed pool: exactly N threads
ExecutorService fixed = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(4);

// Single thread: tasks execute sequentially
ExecutorService single = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor();

// Cached pool: grows as needed, recycles idle threads after 60s
ExecutorService cached = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();

// Scheduled pool: run tasks with delay or periodically
ScheduledExecutorService scheduled = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(2);

// Java 21+: virtual thread executor
ExecutorService virtual = Executors.newVirtualThreadPerTaskExecutor();

ExecutorService pool = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(4);

// submit Runnable (no return value)
pool.execute(() -> System.out.println("fire and forget"));

// submit Callable (returns Future)
Future<Integer> future = pool.submit(() -> {
    Thread.sleep(100);
    return 42;
});

// get() blocks until result is ready
Integer result = future.get();           // blocks indefinitely
Integer result2 = future.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS); // timeout

// Cancel a task
future.cancel(true); // true = interrupt if running

// Always shut down pools — otherwise the JVM won't exit!
pool.shutdown(); // stop accepting new tasks; wait for running tasks

try {
    if (!pool.awaitTermination(60, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
        pool.shutdownNow(); // force stop remaining tasks
    }
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
    pool.shutdownNow();
    Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
}

List<Callable<String>> tasks = List.of(
    () -> fetchUser("u1"),
    () -> fetchUser("u2"),
    () -> fetchUser("u3")
);

// Execute all and wait
List<Future<String>> futures = pool.invokeAll(tasks);
for (Future<String> f : futures) {
    System.out.println(f.get()); // get each result
}

// Get the first successful result
String first = pool.invokeAny(tasks); // returns first completed

ScheduledExecutorService scheduler = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(1);

// Run once after delay
scheduler.schedule(() -> System.out.println("delayed"), 5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

// Run repeatedly at fixed rate
scheduler.scheduleAtFixedRate(
    () -> sendHeartbeat(),
    0,     // initial delay
    30,    // period
    TimeUnit.SECONDS
);

// Run repeatedly with fixed delay BETWEEN executions
scheduler.scheduleWithFixedDelay(
    () -> pollQueue(),
    0, 10, TimeUnit.SECONDS
);

ThreadPoolExecutor pool = new ThreadPoolExecutor(
    4,                           // corePoolSize
    16,                          // maximumPoolSize
    60L, TimeUnit.SECONDS,       // keepAliveTime
    new LinkedBlockingQueue<>(1000), // task queue
    new ThreadFactory() {           // custom thread names
        int i = 0;
        public Thread newThread(Runnable r) {
            return new Thread(r, "worker-" + i++);
        }
    },
    new ThreadPoolExecutor.CallerRunsPolicy() // rejection policy
);